|
The Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) were a series of conflicts fought principally in Northern Italy between the French Revolutionary Army and a Coalition of Austria, Russia, Piedmont-Sardinia, and a number of other Italian states. ==First Coalition (1792–1797)== In autumn 1792, several European powers formed the First Coalition against France. The first major operation, the annexation of Nice by some 30,000 French troops, was reversed when the Republican forces were withdrawn to deal with a revolt in Lyon, triggering a Piedmontese invasion of Savoy in mid-1793. With the suppression of the revolt in Lyon, General Kellermann managed to push back the Piedmontese with just 12,000 troops, winning engagements at Argentines and St Maurice in September and October of the same year. The conflict soon escalated with Austrian and Neapolitan forces being mobilised for an invasion of southern France to recover Nice and strike into Provence. The Allied forces were reinforced by some 45,000 Austrians, Piedmontese, and Neapolitans supported by the Royal Navy. Before the Allies could launch this assault the new commander of the French Army of Italy launched the Saorgio Offensive (April, 1794), which was planned by the army's artillery commander, General Napoleon Bonaparte. This two-pronged French offensive drove back the Allied force, despite their strong positions and firmly captured the mountain passes that led into Piedmont. A new offensive, again devised by General Bonaparte, was similarly successful despite its more complicated nature, calling for the co-ordination of the Army of Italy and the Army of the Alps. Further assaults on the Allied positions were called off under orders from war minister Carnot who was concerned about supply lines being cut by rebels behind the front. The commanders on the front were unhappy about this decision, but appeals were interrupted by the overthrow of the Committee of Public Safety and its leader, Maximilien de Robespierre (28 July 1794). During the chaos that ensued in the French army the Allies launched an assault on Savona. Ignoring Carnot's orders, the command of the Army of Italy launched a counter-offensive and secured supply routes to Genoa following victory at the First Battle of Dego. Following this the French consolidated the front and awaited further opportunity. The main focus of the war then shifted north to the Rhine, until 29 June 1795, when the Austrians launched an attack against the depleted and poorly supplied Army of Italy. Nominally 107,000-strong, the Army of Italy could only manage to field an effective force of about 30,000. Kellermann, who had resumed command, appealed to Carnot for reinforcements. Instead, General Bonaparte was appointed to the general staff where he devised a third plan for an attack towards Vado and Ceva. Kellermann was replaced by General Schérer soon after and he carried out the attacks, gaining victory at Loano. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|